Child Abuse And Its Effects On Children - 913 Words

Most people do not intend to hurt one another or any living individual. There are several types of abuse, there’s physical, emotional, verbal and several others abuses. But the abuse I would like to focus on is child abuse. Domestic violence towards children is important because there is a way to prevent it from happening. Typical parents and caregivers do not intend to abuse their children. Abuse is mainly directed toward the behaviors that are given off towards one another. Author David Gil defines child abuse as an occurrence where a caretaker injures a child, not by accident, but in anger or deliberately. Research illustrates material accustomed to child abuse, for instance, the myth of child abuse, the amount of abuse, as well as the physical signs of violence. There are several different illustrations of child injustice. Most of the information people recognize are myths. Reason being, child abuse is very hard to evaluate .Although, Richard Gelles, author of Demythologizing Child Abuse claims there are few ways to determine abuse easily. Especially filicide, which is Latin for son or daughter meaning a parent purposely killing their child. Gelles states that it is expected that caretakers will â€Å"nurture and protect their children.† Because the parents believe they are labeling themselves as â€Å"appropriate†. A few myths that have taken effect on the human mind are, most children who are abused will be removed from their primary caretaker, which is false. Only one to twoShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Child Abuse On Children935 Words   |  4 PagesChild abuse has been an issue in America since the beginning of time, but lately there has gradually been an increase in reported incidents of abuse. There are several types o f child abuse that are present in today’s society. The different types of abuse include physical, emotional and sexual abuse. Of the different maltreatment types, four-fifths (78.3%) of unique victims were neglected, 17.6 percent were physically abused, 9.2 percent were sexually abused, 8.1 percent were psychologically maltreatedRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children Essay1489 Words   |  6 Pagesindividuals corrected. However, there are cases that have not been solved or not stopped by the law. Child abuse is common. Child abuse can be caused by a variety of reasons. Scientist have been studying and they have some ideas on what prompt people to harm children (Ian Hacking). They are trying to end child abuse, but there is so much they can do. Many children abuse incidents are not reported. Child abuse may have many causes as in way the abuser does it. One specific factor is the background of theRead MoreChild Abuse Is An Effect On Children1657 Words   |  7 Pa gesIn 2010 according to the census bureau there were 74,100,000 U.S children between the ages of 0-17 being abused and 3.3 million referrals. This effected on average 1-10 U.S families and children, there were more than 32,200,000 U.S families with children under the age of 18 according to the 2010 census bureau. From the 3.3 million hotline calls in 2010 there were less than 475,000 sustained cases (2010 NCANDS: 436,321 sustained +24,976 indicated = 461,297 total) resulting in about 15% of hotlineRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children1317 Words   |  6 PagesChild abuse has long been an ongoing social problem; this abuse has been one of the repeatedly difficult accusations to prove in our criminal justice system. Child abuse causes many years of suffering for victims. Children abused suffer from chemical imbalances, behavioral issues and are at high risk for becoming abusers or being abused in adult relationships. This cycle of learned behavior and suffering will be a h opeless reoccurring problem unless the criminal justice system and protocols for abusersRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children1488 Words   |  6 Pages â€Æ' In addressing child abuse we are confronted with a series of problems. On the one hand, there is a lack of the true extent of the phenomenon because no data are available and that the issue, often refers to the most intimate spaces of family life. Furthermore, cultural and historical traditions affect the way each society faces this problem. Finally, there are varying opinions as to its definition and classification, as well as the consequences of child abuse may have and its subsequent therapeuticRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children1263 Words   |  6 Pages Child Abuse Child abuse is any behavior which, by action or omission, produces physical or psychological damage to a person less than 18 years, affecting the development of his personality. In homes, it is believed that the most effective way to educate children is using the abuse. This form of punishment it used as an instrument of correction and moral training strategy as it is the first and most persistent justification of damage and maltreated mothers parents inflict on their children. SocietyRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children1160 Words   |  5 PagesMost parents and other caregivers do not intend to hurt their children, but abuse is defined by the effect on the child, not the motivation of the parents or caregiver. Tens of thousands of children each year are traumatized by physical, sexual, and emotional abusers or by caregivers who neglect them, making child abuse as common as it is shocking. Most of us can’t imagine what would make an adult use violence against a child, and the worse the behavior is, the more unimaginable it seems. ButRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children1227 Words   |  5 Pagesreports of child abuse are made involving more than 6 million children. The United States has one of the worst records of child abuse losing 4-7 children a day to the abuse. Abuse is when any behavior or action that is used to scare, harm, threaten, control or intimidate another person. Child abuse is a behavior outside the norms of conduct and entails substantial risk of causing physical or emotional harm. There are four main types of child abuse; physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, andRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children1132 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Child abuse takes many different forms. Including physical, sexual, emotional, or neglect of a children by parents, guardians, or others responsible for a child s welfare. Regardless of the type of abuse, the child’s devolvement is greatly impacted. The child’s risk for emotional, behavioral, academic, social, and physical problems in life increase. According to the Child Maltreatment Report by the Children’s Bureau (1999) the most common form of child abuse in the United States isRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children1126 Words   |  5 PagesMrs.Pettit 6 June 2015 Child Abuse â€Å"It’s easier to throw away a child who reacts to his abuse than attempt to heal his pain†- Dwight E. Abbot . As a world we need to protect our children from child abuse whether the abuser is emotionally disabled or not mentally stable if we make a change to stopping child abuse many children lives can be saved. Child abuse endangers the child’s physical and emotional health and development. Our society needs to prevent child abuse at all cost. Throughout the

Steve Jobs The World s Top Selling Phone - 1208 Words

Do you know who made the world’s top selling phone?Even though Steve Jobs is not currently alive , his leadership and legacy created Apple and he didn t give up in his technology. I explain Steve Jobs’s early life, who he is,his regretted decision, and his personality. In this paragraph is a explanation about Steve Jobs. Steven Paul Jobs was born on February 24, 1955, in San Francisco, California, to Joanne Schieble and Abdulfattah Jandali. After Jobs was placed for adoption, his biological parents married and had another child, Mona Simpson. His father, Abdulfattah Jandali, was a Syrian political science professor, and his mother, Joanne Schieble, worked as a speech therapist.Jobs enrolled at Reed College in†¦show more content†¦Edwin H. Land was a huge inspiration on Steve Jobs, in 1972, Edwin H. Land was the cover on Time and Life magazines, probably the only chemist ever to do so. And the more you learn about Land, the more you realize how closely Jobs echoed him.â€Å"Jobs was ousted as Apple CEO in 1985 after a power struggle with the company s board of directors. While he was gone, Apple introduced its high-end, business-friendly Powerbook laptop line in 1991. Shortly after Jobs returned to Apple in 1997, the company released a c heaper, more consumer-friendly laptop. The iBook, introduced in 1999, came with Wi-Fi technology and included some style updates as well. It came in two colors — tangerine and blueberry — and had a unique clamshell design.†- Mike Wall Some examples about how Steve acted as a leader. Steve Jobs, the Co-founder of Apple Computer Inc. Founded in 1976. Steve Jobs vision of a computer for the rest of us influenced the PC revolution and made Apple a good example of American business.We started out to get a computer in the hands of everyday people, and we succeeded beyond our wildest dreams.-Steve Jobs.After high school, Jobs enrolled in Reed College but he had to drop out after one semester. He was interested in Eastern spiritualism, and he took a

Night World Dark Angel Chapter 9 Free Essays

It was David, of course. Gillian turned around and stared at him, blinking. He was standing just inside the doorway, his jacket slung over one shoulder, the other hand in his pocket. We will write a custom essay sample on Night World : Dark Angel Chapter 9 or any similar topic only for you Order Now His jaw was tight, his eyes dark. He was looking at Tanya. There was a silence. (How long? How long has he been there, Angel?) (Uhhh, I’d say since round about†¦ the beginning.) (Oh, my.) So that’s why Gillian had been so low key and noble and let Tanya do all the yelling and threatening. They must have come off like Dorothy and the Wicked Witch. A sense of justice stirred inside Gillian. She made a hesitant move toward David. â€Å"David-you don’t understand-â€Å" David shook his head. â€Å"I understand just fine. Don’t try to cover for her. It’s better for me to find out.† (Yeah, shut up, minibrain! Now look mildly distressed, slightly awkward. You guess they want to be alone now.) â€Å"Uh, I guess you guys want to be alone now.† (Anyway, you have to hurry to get your ride.) â€Å"Anyway, I have to hurry to get my ride.† (These aren’t the droids you’re looking for.) â€Å"These aren’t-† (I’m going to kill you, Angel!) Flustered, Gillian made one last gesture of apology and almost ran for the door. Outside, she walked blindly. (Angel!) (Sorry, I couldn’t resist. But look at you, kid! Do you know what you’ve done?) (I guess †¦ I got rid of Tanya.) As the adrenaline of battle faded, the truth of this was slowly beginning to dawn on her. It brought a hint of glorious warmth, a sparkling promise of future happiness. (Smart kid!) (And-I did it fairly. It was all true, wasn’t it, Angel? She’s really been messing around with Bruce?) (Everybody’s been messing around with Bruce. Yes, it was all true.) (And what about Kim? Is she the one who spreads rumors about people?) (Like butter on Eggos.) (I just-she seemed so sweet. When we talked about rumors in the cafeteria she patted my hand.) (Sure, she’s sweet-to your face. Turn left here.) Gillian found herself emerging from the school building. As she went down the steps she saw three or four cars parked casually in the roundabout. Macon’s BMW convertible was one. He looked up at her and gave an inviting nod toward the car. Other people shouted. â€Å"Hey, Jill, need a ride?† â€Å"We wouldn’t want you to get lost in the woods again!† Gillian stood, feeling like a southern belle. So many people wanting her-it made her giddy. Angel was grandly indifferent (Pick anybody!) and she could see Amy’s Geo a little distance away. Amy and Eugene were standing by it, looking up at her. But getting in a car with Eugene Elfred would be disastrous to her new status. She picked Cory the Party Guy, and the ride home was filled with his nonstop talk about Macon’s party on Saturday. She had trouble getting rid of him at the door. Once she did, she walked up to her bedroom and fell on her bed, arms out. She stared at the ceiling. (Phew!) It had been the most incredible day of her life. She lay and listened to the quiet house and tried to gather her thoughts. The warmth was still percolating inside her, although it was mixed with a certain amount of anxiety. She wanted to see David again. She wanted to know how things had turned out with Tanya. She couldn’t let herself feel happy until she was sure†¦ â€Å"Relax, would you?† Gillian sat up. The voice wasn’t in her ear, it was beside the bed. Angel was sitting there. The sight hit her like a physical blow. She hadn’t seen him since that morning and she’d forgotten how beautiful he was. His hair was dark golden with paler gold lights shimmering in it. His face was-well-classic perfection. Absolutely pure, denned like a sculpture in marble. His eyes were a violet so glorious it actually hurt to look at it. His expression was rapt and uplifted†¦ until he winked. Then it dissolved into mischief. â€Å"Uh, hi,† Gillian whispered huskily. â€Å"Hi, kid. Tired?† â€Å"Yeah. I feel†¦ used up.† â€Å"Well, take a nap, why don’t you? I’ve got places to go anyway.† Gillian blinked. Places? â€Å"Angel†¦ I never asked you. What’s heaven like? I mean, with angels like you, it’s got to be different from most people’s idea. That meadow I saw-that wasn’t it, was it?† â€Å"No, that wasn’t it. Heaven-well, it’s hard to explain. It’s all in the oscillation of the spatial-temporal harmonics, you know-what you’d call the inherent vibration of the plane. At a higher vibration everything assumes a much more complicated harmonic theme. †¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"You’re making this up, aren’t you?† â€Å"Yeah. Actually it’s classified. Why don’t you get some sleep?† Gillian already had her eyes shut. She was happy when she woke up to smell dinner. But when she got downstairs, she found only her mother. â€Å"Dad’s not home?† â€Å"No. He called, honey, and left a message for you. He’ll be out of town on business for a while.† â€Å"But he’ll be back for Christmas. Won’t he?† â€Å"I’m sure he will.† Gillian didn’t say anything else. She ate the hamburger casserole her mother served-and noticed that her mother didn’t eat. Afterward, she sat in the kitchen and played with a fork. (You okay?) The voice in her ear was a welcome relief. (Angel. Yeah, I’m all right. I was just thinking†¦ about how everything started with Mom. It wasn’t always like this. She was a teacher at the junior college†¦) (I know.) (And then-I think it was about five years ago- things just started happening. She started acting crazy. And then she was seeing things-what did I know about drinking then? I just thought she was nuts. It wasn’t until Dad started finding empty bottles†¦) (I know.) (I just wish†¦ that things could be different.) A pause. (Angel? Do you think maybe they could be?) Another pause. Then Angel’s voice was quiet. (I’ll work on it, kid. But, yeah, I think maybe they could be.) Gillian shut her eyes. After a moment she opened them again. (Angel-how can I thank you? The things you’re doing for me †¦ I can’t even start to tell you †¦) (Don’t mention it. And don’t cry. A cheery face is worth triple A bonds. Besides, you have to answer the phone.) (What phone?) The phone rang. (That phone.) Gillian blew her nose and said a practice â€Å"Hello† to make sure her voice wasn’t shaky. Then she took a deep breath and picked up the receiver. â€Å"Gillian?† Her fingers clenched on the phone. â€Å"Hi, David.† â€Å"Look, I just wanted to make , sure you were okay. I didn’t even ask you that when-you know, this afternoon.† â€Å"Sure, I’m okay.† Gillian didn’t need Angel to tell her what to say to this. â€Å"I can handle myself, you know.† â€Å"Yeah. But Tanya can be pretty intense sometimes. After you left she was-well, forget that.† He doesn’t want to say anything bad about her, Gillian thought. She said, â€Å"I’m fine.† â€Å"It’s just-† She could almost feel the frustration building on the other side of the line. And then David burst out as if something had snapped, â€Å"I didn’t know!† â€Å"What?† â€Å"I didn’t know she was-like that! I mean, she runs the teen helpline and she’s on the Centralia relief committee and the Food Cupboard project and .. . Anyway, I thought she was different. A good person.† Conscience twinged. â€Å"David, I think she is some of the things you thought. She’s brave. When that window-â€Å" â€Å"Quit it, Gillian. You’re those things. You’re brave and funny and-well, too honorable for your own good. You tried to give Tanya another chance.† He let out a breath. â€Å"But, anyway; you might have guessed, we’re finished. I told Tanya that. And now†¦Ã¢â‚¬  His voice changed. Suddenly he laughed, sounding as if some burden had fallen off him. â€Å"Well, would you like me to drive you to the party Saturday night?† Gillian laughed, too. â€Å"I’d like it. I’d love it.† (Oh, Angel-thank you!) She was very happy. The rest of the week was wonderful. Every day she wore something daring and flattering scavenged from the depths of her closet. Every day she seemed to get more popular. People looked up when she walked into a room, not just meeting her eyes, but trying to catch her eye. They waved to her from a distance. They said hello up and down the halls. Everyone seemed glad to talk to her, and pleased if she wanted to talk to them. It was like being on a skyrocket, going higher and higher. And, always, her guide and protector was with her. Angel had come to seem like a part of her, the most savvy and ingenious part. He provided quips, smoothed over awkward situations, gave advice about who to tolerate and who to snub. Gillian was developing an instinct for this, too. She was gaining confidence in herself, finding new skills every day. She was literally becoming a new person. She didn’t see much of Amy now. But Amy had Eugene, after all. And Gillian was so busy that she never even got to see David alone. The day of the party she went to Houghton with Amanda the Cheerleader and Steffi the Singer. They laughed a lot, got whistled at everywhere, and shopped until they were dizzy. Gillian bought a dress and ankle boots-both approved by Angel. When David picked her up that night, he let out a soft whistle himself. â€Å"I look okay?† â€Å"You look†¦Ã¢â‚¬  He shook his head. â€Å"Illegal, but also sort of spiritual. How do you do that?† Gillian smiled. Macon the Wallet’s house was the house of a rich guy. A fleet of artsy reindeer made out of some kind of white twigs and glowing with tiny lights graced the lawn. Inside, it was all high ceilings and track lighting, oriental rugs, old china, silver. Gillian was dazzled. (My first real party! I mean, my first Popular Party. And it’s even kind of, sort of for me.) (Your first real party, and it’s all for you. The world is your oyster, kid. Go out and crack it.) Macon was coming toward her. Other people were looking. Gillian paused in the doorway of the room for effect, aware that she was making an entrance-and loving it. Her outfit was designer casual. A black minidress with a pattern of purple flowers so dark it could hardly be distinguished. The soft, crepey material dung to her like a second skin. Matte black tights. And of course the ankle boots. Not much makeup; she’d decided on the fresh, soft look for her face. She’d darkened her lashes just enough to make the violet of her eyes a startling contrast. She looked stunning†¦ and effortless. And she knew it very well. Macon’s hooded eyes roved over her with something like suppressed hunger. â€Å"How’s it going? You’re looking good.† â€Å"We feel good,† Gillian said, squeezing David’s arm. Macon’s eyes darkened. He looked at the intersection of Gillian’s hand and David’s arm as if it offended him. David looked back dispassionately, but a sort of wordless menace exuded from him. Macon actually took a step back. But all he said was, â€Å"Well, my parents are gone for the weekend, so make yourself at home. There should be food somewhere.† There was food everywhere. Every kind of munchy thing. Music blasted from the den, echoing all over the house. As they walked in, Cory greeted them with, â€Å"Hey, guys! Grab a glass, it’s going fast.† When he’d said that he would round up a keg last week, Gillian had foolishly misheard it as â€Å"a cake.† Now she understood. It was a keg of beer and everybody was drinking. And not just beer. There were hard liquor bottles around. One guy was lying on a table with his mouth open while a girl poured something from a rectangular bottle into it. â€Å"Hey, Jill, this is for you.† Cory was trying to give her a plastic glass with foam overflowing the top. Gillian looked at him with open scorn. She didn’t need Angel’s help for this. â€Å"Thanks, but I happen to like my brain cells, Maybe if you had more respect for yours you wouldn’t be flunking biology.† There was laughter. Even Cory laughed and winced. â€Å"Right on,† Daryl the Rich Girl said, raising a can of diet Barq’s root beer to Gillian in salute. And David waved Cory away and reached for a Coke. Nobody tried to pressure them and the guy on the table even looked a little embarrassed. Gillian had learned that you could pull anything off if you were cool enough, composed enough, and if you didn’t back down. The feeling of success was much more intoxicating than liquor could have been. (How about that? Pretty good, huh? Huh? Huh?) (Oh †¦ oh, yeah, fine.) Angel seemed to deliberate. (Of course, it does say, â€Å"Wine maketh the heart of man glad†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ) (Oh, Angel, you’re so silly. You sound like Cory!) Gillian almost laughed out loud. Everything was exciting. The music, the huge house with its opulent Christmas decorations. The people. All the girls threw their arms around Gillian and kissed her as if they hadn’t seen her in weeks. Some of the boys tried, but David warned them off with a look. That was exciting, too. Having everyone know she was together with David Blackburn, that he was hers. It put her status through the ceiling. â€Å"Want to look around?† David was saying. â€Å"I can show you the upstairs; Macon doesn’t care.† Gillian looked at him. â€Å"Bored?† He grinned. â€Å"No. But I wouldn’t mind seeing you alone for a few minutes.† They went up a long carpeted staircase lined with oil paintings. The rooms upstairs were just as beautiful as downstairs: palatial and almost awe inspiring. It put Gillian in a quiet mood. The music wasn’t as loud up here, and the cool marble gave her the feeling of being in a museum. She looked out a window to see velvet darkness punctuated by little twinkling lights. â€Å"You know, I’m glad you didn’t want to drink back there.† David’s voice behind her was quiet. She turned, trying to read his face. â€Å"But†¦ you were surprised?† â€Å"Well-it’s just sometimes now you seem so adult. Sort of worldly.† â€Å"Me? I mean-I mean you’re the one who seems like that.† And that’s what you like in girls, she thought. He looked away and laughed. â€Å"Oh, yeah. The tough guy. The wild guy. Tanya and I used to party pretty hard.† He shrugged. â€Å"I’m not tough. I’m just a small-town guy trying to get through life. I don’t look for trouble. I try to run from it if I can.† Gillian had to laugh herself at that. But there was something serious in David’s dark eyes. â€Å"I admit, it sort of had a way of finding me in the past,† he said slowly. â€Å"And I’ve done some things that I’m not proud of. But, you know †¦ I’d like to change that-if it’s possible.† â€Å"Sort of like a whole new side of you that wants to come out.† He looked startled. Then he glanced up and down her and grinned. â€Å"Yeah. Sort of like that.† Gillian felt suddenly inspired, hopeful. â€Å"I think,† she said slowly, trying to put her ideas together, â€Å"that sometimes people need to-to express both sides of themselves. And then they can be †¦ well, whole.† â€Å"Yeah. If that’s possible.† He hesitated. Gillian didn’t say anything, because she had the feeling that he was trying to. That there was some reason he’d brought her up to talk to her alone. â€Å"Well. You know something weird?† he said after a moment. â€Å"I don’t feel exactly whole. And the truth is-† He looked around the darkened room. Gillian could only see his profile. He shook his head, then took a deep breath. â€Å"Okay, this is going to sound even dumber than I thought, but I’ve got to say it. I can’t help it.† He turned back, toward her and said with a mixture of determination and apology, â€Å"And since that day when I found you out there in the snow, I have this feeling that I won’t be, without †¦Ã¢â‚¬  He trailed off and shrugged. â€Å"Well-you,† he said finally, helplessly. The universe was one enormous heartbeat. Gillian could feel her body echoing it. She said slowly, â€Å"I †¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"I know. I know how it sounds. I’m sorry.† â€Å"No,† Gillian whispered. â€Å"That wasn’t what I was going to say.† He’d turned sharply away to glare at the window. Now he turned halfway back and she saw the glimmer of hope in his face. â€Å"I was going to say, I understand.† He looked as if he were afraid to believe. â€Å"Yeah, but do you really?† â€Å"I think I do-really.† And then he was moving toward her and Gillian was holding up her arms. Literally as if drawn to do it-but not just by â€Å"physical attraction. It sounded crazy, Gillian thought, but it wasn’t physical so much as †¦ well, spiritual. They seemed to belong together. David was holding her. It felt incredibly strange and at the same time perfectly natural. He was warm and solid and Gillian felt her eyes shutting, her head drifting to his shoulder. Such a simple embrace, but it seemed to mean everything. The feelings inside Gillian were like a wonderful discovery. And she had the sense that she was on the verge of some other discovery, that if she just opened her eyes and looked into David’s at this moment, somehow it would mean a change in the world†¦ (Kid?) The voice in Gillian’s ear was quiet. (I really hate to say it, but I have to break this up. You have to sidle down to the master bedroom.) Gillian scarcely heard and couldn’t pay attention. (Gillian! I mean it, kid. There’s something going on that you have to know about.) (Angel?) (Tell him you’ll be back in a few minutes. This is important!) There was no way to ignore that tone of urgency. Gillian stirred. â€Å"David, I have to go for a sec. Be right back.† David just nodded. â€Å"Sure.† It was Gillian who had trouble letting go of his hand, and when she did she still seemed to feel his grip. (This had better be good, Angel.) She blinked in the light of the hallway. (Go down to the end of the hall. That’s the master bedroom. Go on in. Don’t turn on the light.) The master bedroom was cavernous and dark and filled with large dim shapes like sleeping elephants. Gillian walked in and immediately banged into a piece of heavy furniture. (Be careful! See that light over there?) Light was showing around the edges of double doors on the other side of the room. The doors were closed. (And locked. That’s the bathroom. Now, here’s what I want you to do. Walk carefully over to the right of the bathroom and you’ll find another door. It’s the closet. I want you to quietly open that door and get in it.) (What?) Angel’s voice was elaborately patient. (Get in the closet and put your ear against the wall.) Gillian shut her eyes. Then, feeling exactly like a burglar, she slowly turned the handle of the closet door and slipped inside. It was a walk-in closet, very long but stuffy because of the clothes bristling from both sides. Gillian had a profound feeling of intrusion, of being an invader of privacy. She seemed to walk a long way in before Angel stopped her. (Okay. Here. Now put your ear against the left wall.) Eyes still shut-it seemed to make the absolute darkness more bearable-Gillian burrowed between something long sheathed in plastic and something heavy and velvety. With the clothes embracing her on either side, she leaned her head until her bare ear touched wood. (Angel, I can’t believe I’m doing this. I feel really stupid, and I’m scared, and if anybody finds me-) (Just listen, will you?) At first Gillian’s heart seemed to drown out all other sounds* But then, faint but clear, she heard two voices she recognized. How to cite Night World : Dark Angel Chapter 9, Essay examples

Impeccable Humanities Essay Sample for Students

Introduction The media has been in a changing and dynamic form ever since the newer technologies have changed the paradigm of thinking (Anderson Bushman, 2002). The use of internet along with vibrancy of media gives a access to the individual that is beyond imagination. A child can play games, access books, and learn new things with the help of media. However it has been noted that the behaviour of the person is influenced by the virtual world. Violence in media and aggressive attitude of the people are getting interlinked these days. The violence is the resultant of the human brain, which controls the behaviours and attitudes of the individual. Level of analysis means the effects of the various kinds of media on the human being. The idea behind this research paper is to try and analyze the levels of analysis with statistics that mention the impact of the use of the video games on children. There have been researches that prove that the US children are exposed to higher amount of media violence. The research from Roberts et al. (1999) mentioned that the video games are gaining popularity and children between the age of 8 and 18 years are using some or the other media form. The research done by Rideout et al. (1999) stated that 10 percent of the children in the age group of 2 years to 18 years are exposed to video games in more than an hour during the day. Violence in Media Affects Human Behaviour Extensive research done on the subject of media role on the behaviour of the people have witnessed that the scenes that violent scenes in movie or other media forms results in significant change in the aggression of the person. The young adults are expected to become more aggressive and violent if they are constantly exposed to the media violence (Huesmann et al., 1999). The changes in the technology have seen the development of games and gaming devices like the PSP, Nintendo etc. These devices are now coming with simulators that have opened the gates for more violence in the video games. Studies have shown that the atmosphere created by the media becomes violent and therefore it is all the more risky. The effects of the violent media are on the creation of the society that is more violent. The nature and the way of the social interactions of the child change after being exposed to the violent movies or video games (Mudore, 2000). Levels of Analysis There are various levels of analysis that determine the response of the human behaviour towards violent media exposure. These are as follows: Biological Analysis The constant exposure of human beings towards the violent media and video games results in the changes in the human body that is biological in nature. The inheritance of the individual also determines the behaviour of the person. The studies have mentioned that it is the response of the human mind in the particular situation that creates the aggressiveness in the individual (Anderson et al., 2003). The meta analysis done on the violent behaviour of youths point out that the violence in television results in the youths becoming more aggressive adults (Ferguson Kilburn, 2009). The biological impact of media can be seen in cases of limitation of the sexually explicit material to be shown to the children as that can impact their minds (ISRA, 2011). Psychological Analysis The behaviour of a person is dependent on the conceiving of the brain. There is a sharp affect on the brain of the children on account of pressure that is created sometimes by the parents, educational system. This results in the psychological imprisonment of the child. When these children are turned to aggressive movies and video games there anxiety and the confinement of mind results in there becoming more aggressive towards the society. Bjorkqvist (1985) mention that the example of the Night Basketball. A person which is having aggressive nature and thoughts cannot be molded into a saint like Mahatma Gandhi just by playing a game of basketball. Environmental and Social Analysis Violent media not only impacts the biological and psychological factors but also impact the social and environmental front. The way an individual interacts with the society and the external environment determines the social attitude. The attitude of aggression or prosocial behaviour is the aftermath of the aggressive media the children are tuned to. An example of violent game Mortal Kombat can be given, in which the character is controlled by the player which participates in the fighting tournament. The fighting tournament wants you to kill your opponent. There are special rewards and point system for the violence shown (Elmer-Dewitt, 1993). The changes in the nature of the child is the resultant of these video games, many a times it is the result of the societal behaviour that can aggravate the hatred. A child might be punished by the teacher or senior students that can increase the behaviour of violence in him that has been filled in him by higher revelation to the media. Conclusion The paper discussed about the levels of analysis and the role of the media in transforming the behaviour of the individual especially children. It was noted that the constant exposure towards violent video games, affects the biological, psychological and societal aspects of the person. The Meta analysis have shown that the people tend to find change in behaviour and their brains become inclined to given aggressive instructions to the body, which can result in the violence. Technological advancements have also increased the time that a child spends on the video games. Aggression shown in the video games therefore forms the part of the mindset of the child and they behave in an aggressive manner themselves. Human brain leads to the violent behaviour and that is affected by the constant touch with violent media. References Anderson, C A, Berkowitz, L, Donnerstein, E, Huesmann, L R, Johnson, J, Linz, D, Wartella E 2003, The influence of media violence on youth, Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4, 81110. Anderson, C A, Bushman, B J 2002, The effects of media violence on society, Science, 295, 2377 2379. Bjorkqvist, K 1985, Violent films, anxiety, and aggression. Helsinki: Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters. Elmer-Dewitt P 1993, The amazing video game boom. Time, September, 66-73. Ferguson, C J, Kilburn, J 2009, The public health risks of media violence: A meta-analytic review, Journal of Pediatrics, 154, 759 763. Huesmann, L R, Moise, J F, Podolski, C -L, Eron, L D 1999, The prediction of young adult aggression in the 1990s from childhood exposure to media violence in the 1970s: Gender differences and moderating factors for USA youth, Aggressive Behavior, 25, pp. 19. ISRA 2011, Report of Media Violence Commission, 38, pp 335-341. Mudore, C F 2000, Does TV violence kill? Current Health, 26(6), 24 26. Rideout, V G, Foehr, U G, Roberts, D F, Brodie, M 1999, Kids media @ the new millennium: Executive summary. Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation. Roberts, D F Foehr, U G Rideout, V G Brodie, M 1999, Kids media @ the new millennium, Menlo Park, CA: Kaiser Family Foundation.

STD/HIV Health Promotion Evaluation Plan

Evaluation questions Process evaluation Evaluation questions form the basis on which a health promotion program is driven (Issel, 2009). The following questions have been refined to ensure they provide significant feedback on the program’s quality, utility and impact on the target populationAdvertising We will write a custom essay sample on STD/HIV Health Promotion Evaluation Plan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Process evaluation examines the delivery of a program to its target population (Nutbeam, 2009). In this regard the following questions have been formulated: Has the program been implemented as planned? What factors influenced the implementation (negative and positive) What proportion of the target group received the program? Impact evaluation This type of evaluation is aimed to assess the immediate effect of the health promotion program on the priority population (Farell, et al., 2002). Such effects may include l evels of knowledge acquired, skills, attitudes and change in behavior. Key questions here are: Have the program impacts been achieved? What difference did the program make on populations facing the greatest risk? Have all strategies been appropriate and effective in achieving the impacts Outcome evaluation Outcome evaluation is normally carried out at the maturity stage of a program. It seeks to assess long term outcomes such as mortality, morbidity, quality of life and equity (Silva-Sanigorski, Bolton, Meloni, 2009). Questions prepared for outcome evaluation are: To what extent were intermediate outcomes achieved? How were the intermediate outcomes achieved? Did the primary target group receive the greatest benefits of the program? STD/HIV Health Promotion Evaluation Plan Goal The primary goal of this program is to reduce prevalence of STD/HIV in men who have sex with other men (MSM).In the case of this program MSM group comprise of gay and bisexual men. Recent Data by CDC, in dicate that gay and bisexual men though making up only about 2% of US population, account for most new HIV infections(61% in 2009) (Prejean,et al.,2011; CDC,2011). Target populations The primary target population is men who have sex with men (MSM) (gays and bisexuals between 20 and 40 years of age without any racial exclusion) living in urban centers. Others are health service provider of gay and bisexual men, gay and bisexual right groups as well as family and friends of gay and bisexual men). Consistent with best practices and laid down guidelines of similar programs, the objectives of the program are:Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Discover behaviors likely to contribute to reducing incidences of new infection of STD/HIV in MSM Increase rates of condom use in gay and bisexual men Increase STI and HIV testing in MSM The desired outcomes of the Health Promotion Program are: Condom culture in gay and bisexual men is developed and maintained Condom use among gay and bisexual men is increased Condom use is supported by those who influence sexual activity-porn stars Regular condom users maintain healthy behavior Testing and testing services and accessibility to testing is increased. Adoption of healthy sexual behavior that will promote good health. Activities Activities are the operations that are necessary in order to achieve the objectives and overall goal of a health promotion program (Holt, 2009 ; Mckenzie, Neiger, Thackeray, 2009). Outcome: Adoption of healthy sexual behavior that will promote good health Key activities: Sponsorship and participation in gay and bisexual community events. Celebrity modeling of behaviors i.e. endorsement from prominent gay figures Interaction and engagement with key community leaders e.g. religious leaders Sponsorship of gay events or related social activities to communicate safe sex behaviors messages. Mass commun ication targeting the gay and bisexual men on safe sex. Outcome: Promote and increase access to HIV/STI testing services for MSM Key activities: Increase access to testing services online and offline Rewards for testing Social movement to encourage testing, text reminders, viral online marketing Promote â€Å"bring your partner† testing schemes Outcome: Increase condom use between MSM Key activities: Media campaign countering unprotected sex in pornography Promote condom culture through organizations highly influential among MSM Use of mass communication channels to promote condom use. Partnership with key health providers for gay and bisexual men Primary evaluation questions The primary evaluation questions for this program are: Have all the program impacts been achieved? Was the program implemented as planned? These questions will be used to assess whether all the desired short term and intermediate outcomes have been achieved within the stipulated time and whether t he program has remained on course as planned. These questions are important because they ultimately determine the preliminary success and/or failure of the program.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on STD/HIV Health Promotion Evaluation Plan specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Process , Impact and outcome variables/indicators An indicator is a measurable variable of a program activity (Keleher, Marshall, Murphy, Round, 2003 ; The Health Communicaton Unit (THCU), 2007. The measureable variables of the program are outlined below: Process evaluation measurable variables Participation: Number of gay and bisexual men absorbed into the program Resources distributed: Number of condoms distributed within a particular period Training session held: Number of training sessions conducted for priority groups. Reach: Number of gay and bisexual men reached per month Client/staff satisfaction: Benefit /challenges of the program repo rted by the target population and implementation staff Impact evaluation (Immediate impact variables) Levels of Improved health knowledge on gay sexuality. Assessed through knowledge test at the end of a discussion session/discussion. Program aims scores of over 60%. Levels of Improved protective skills and confidence as reported by participants in open-ended questionnaires. Program aims for high improvements in these areas. Participants report on their quality of life through survey questionnaires. Project aims for Improved quality of life in the target group Outcome evaluation: short term impact variables Organizational development: Policy changes, reward systems, number of legislations, made in favor of promoting the health of gay and bisexual men. Benefits to participants; participant to report at least five benefits Participants’ satisfaction; program aims for high satisfaction among the respondents Barriers to participants. As few as possible should be reported Incr ease in number of people reached -Target is an increase of about 10% /month Intermediate outcomes (impact measures) Changes in service utilization: the rate of condom use and positive change in testing numbers in gay and bisexual men Changes in sexual behavior in gay and bisexual men in pre/post introduction of the program. Change should favor adoption of safer sex practices. State of knowledge, skills or attitudes; assessed through observation and demonstration of skills and self-report records. The extent of policy implementation. New policies enacted during on implementation. Outcome evaluation: long term New infection rate and mortality rate of gay and bisexual gay men. Programs targets double digit decrease in new infections by the completion of the program. Morbidity/mortality: Death related to HIV/STI positive gay and bisexual men before and after the program The quality of life according to participants own views Evaluation design The evaluation will be largely process and impact-based and will be executed using a mix of descriptive/non experimental and experimental designs. Process evaluation will emphasize on quality and suitability of the interventions and approaches of the program. A critical aspect of process evaluation will be to determine and track the ‘reach’ of the program. Impact assessment will be carried out to determine the immediate effects of program’s interventions on the priority population. The evaluation will not involve comparison of the target with control groups as this approach is simply unethical. The choice of this design model is due to the fact that such designs are easier to implement and least expensive (Mckenzie, Nieger, Thackeray, 2009; Victoria Department of Health, 2009). The benefits of the program will be measured before and after implementation of the programs. The program will employ a number descriptive evaluation methodology such as case study, cross-sectional design as well as correlatio nal design and will borrow significantly from established protocols to accelerate implementation and meet reliability and validity requirements. Methods of data collection Individual and community level impacts will be measured using a mix of qualitative and quantitative methods. Qualitative methods entail gathering detailed information that is contextual in nature (Issel, 2009). Quantitative methods present quantifiable result with high degree of generalizability (K.Farell, et al., 2002). The quantitative methods to be used in the program include: mail/telephone surveys, process tracking records, analysis of large datasets as well as direct measure of health indicators mainly STI/HIV. Some of the qualitative methods expected to be used include: focus groups, in-depth interviews, open-ended survey questions, dairies, consensus building as well as forums/discussion groups/audio/video recording. Actual collection of information will entail questionnaire, surveys, interview conducted i n person, by telephone or email, analysis of documents or records to obtain opinion, practices, or belief from the target population. The questionnaires will used to access individual level impacts of sexual behavior, sexual health literacy and quality of life.Advertising Looking for essay on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Measurement tools Measurement tools expected to be developed and used in the evaluation program include questionnaires, moderators guide for forum sessions, recording forms, observation forms, dairies, survey software, audio recording systems, and government health statistics. Screening tools for STI/HIV will need to be developed to enable on-site assessments. Focus groups, in-depth interviews and observation will be used gather data with behavioral dimensions such as attitudes, opinions, knowledge and skills. Sampling Cluster sampling will be employed as the program aims to cover a large geographical area. Survey areas will be picked from county clusters in target areas. Random sample will be made from these cluster and all individuals included in the survey.Based on funding, the program expects to reach as many gay and bisexual men as possible in major urban cities. A sample size, sufficiently large enough to produce significant changes will be selected. The sample population will be recruited via online campaign and through gay and bisexual organization. The timeframe for sample recruitment will be defined before embarking on the exercise. Strength ,Weaknesses Threats to reliability and validity of measurements Strengths: The program will be run by highly skilled and knowledgeable coordinators to ensure realization of its intended goals. The program also boasts of a clear goal and objectives augmented with necessary procedure and policy guidelines. Weakness: Potential weaknesses are limited funding and time constraint. The absence of a control in the program, owing to the nature of the program, means that results will be open to different interpretations. There are several possible confounding factors that may affect the reliability and validity of the measurements. History may serve to confound the findings when other events occur between the first and the second measurement. Others are changes in instrument calibration, non-response and changes in partic ipants or values between successive measurements. The program coordinator will ensure that all interview themes are approved by statutory vetting agencies. Interview and focus groups will be analyzed by an independent research fellow who will not be involved in other affairs of the program. Poor response rate are a common problem in many programs (Round, Marshall, and Horton, 2005). Counter measure for poor response include: providing stamps for mail surveys, reward schemes as well as SMS and emails reminders. The program will also favor the use of widely used quality-proven existing data collection tools rather than developing new ones. Application of evaluation results The evaluation results will be used for: Making progress decision such as abandoning the less successful interventions while concentrating and sustaining the more receptive and successful ones Device best ways to enhance service utilization Making necessary changes so as to spearhead realization of the desired impa cts Providing accountability for program funding References CDC (Centre for Disease Control). (2011). Fact Sheet: Estimates of new HIV infections in the United States, 2011. Holt, L. (2009, August 7). Understanding program logic. Web. Issel, L. (2009). Health Program Planning and Evaluation. A practical systematic approach for. Sudbury, Massachussets: MA. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Farell,K., Kratzmann, M., McWilliam, S., Robinson,N., Saunders,.,Ticknor,J. (2002). Evaluation Very easy Accessible ,and Logical. Atlantic centre of excellence for women’s health, Halifax. Keleher, H., Marshall, B., Murphy, B., Round, R. (2003). Evaluation Report: Victorian DHS Short Course in Health Promotion. Melbourne: Deakin University. Mckenzie, J., Neiger, B., Thackeray, R. (2009). Planning, Implementing, and Evaluating Health Promotion Programs:A Primer (5th Edition ed.). San Francisco: Pearson Benjamin C. Nutbeam, D. (2009). Program management guidelines for health promotion. Sidney : Lindwall and Ward Pty Ltd. Prejean J et al. (2011). Estimated HIV incidence in the United States. 2006-2009. PLos ONE, 6(8), 433-487. Round, R, Marshall, B Horton, K. (2005).Planning for effective health promotion evaluation. Melbourne. Australia: Victorian Government Department of Human Services. Silva-Sanigorski, A. d., Bolton, K., Meloni, L. (2009). Evaluation plan for Health Promoting Communities. Geelong: D e a k i n U n i v e r s i t y. The Health Communicaton Unit (THCU). (2007). Web. Victoria Department of Health. (2009, November 6). Web. This essay on STD/HIV Health Promotion Evaluation Plan was written and submitted by user Dorothy A. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free sample - Congressional Checks On Presidential Authority. translation missing

Congressional Checks On Presidential Authority. Congressional Checks On Presidential AuthorityThis paper discusses the congressional checks on presidential authority and the reasons why the congress and the president’s conflict are inevitable. Members of the congress determine whether the president’s case for military action is given free pass or widely contested in national media. The beltway reactions carry over to the media reactions and for weak adherents, adjoining branches of federal government set a critical tone for subsequent reporting. Congress exerts influence over the public debates involving the presidential use of force. The devote extensive coverage to their legislative   initiatives ,hearings, floor debates and public pronouncements on planned presidential uses of force and these actions shapes the case put before the Americans people for sending troops abroad. Congress is hardly the only political institution s that the president must contend with when planning for a military action. The military, courts and international institutions can take measures to affect the decision making on the use of force and at times the influence they wield intersects with congressional war powers. Members of congress have sought injunctions that invoke the president’s power to oversee the military operations without formal congressional authorization and these decisions were overturned on appeal. In many occasions in the modern era the courts have repudiated a military action and demanded that the president bring the troops home. For instance, recent events during President Bush’s war on terror on 24th June 2004 the Supreme Court released three decisions concerning individual seen as enemy combatants and held in military custody. The cases of Rumsfeld verses Padilla and Hamdi verses Rumsfeld was about indefinite detention of Americans by virtue of their citizenship were not subject to military tribunals that Bush established to try foreign nationals suspected of committing or   planning to commit terror attacks against united states. The third case was Rasul verses Bush bore right of the federal government to hold indefinitely noncitizens at Guantanamo Bay, Cub a. Justice John Paul struck down the military provisions that lacked resource to civilian courts by ruling that the U.S District Court did have jurisdictional authority to hear petitions of habeas corpus since U.S exercises sovereignty over Guantanamo Bay. It allowed the detainees to legally challenge their detention but did not compel the administration to either try them or release them. In July 2006 the Supreme Court issued its most sweeping indictment of the president’s war on terror where Chief Justice Roberts in the appeal struck down in 3-5 ruling the president’s military tribunal system. Congress has denied the president the legislative authority to create military commissions of the kind the issue here. Breyer concluded that nothing prevents the presidents from returning to congress to seek the authority necessary. According to Justice Kennedy’s opinion, congress prescribed these limits on presidential power hence it can change them. The administration accepted this and worked with congress on drafting military tribunal legislation. On 16th 2006 congress enacted the Military commissions Act of 2006 that validates the use of military commissions to prosecute foreign terrorist suspect and clarifies interrogation techniques that CIA can use on the detainees. Also, example is that President Bush spent months trying to woo Congress, the American public and the United Nations behind a military invasion toppled the Hussein regime and advance democracy in the region. From the administration’s vantage point was overwhelming and the need for action was clear. This resulted in a wide range of reactions in the halls of Congress to Bush’s initiative. Republicans came out in support thereby endorsing the president’s prerogative to define both the nature of the problem and the course of corrective action. In a speech on the Senate floor, John Ensign made the argument for action and the urgency of rallying behind the president, most forcefully that there is a time for all things, (William H and Jon P pg12-33) Reasons why is conflict inevitable between Congress and President The Constitution does not envision a master-servant relationship between the President and Congress. The framers of the document took cared for a system of government in which there is a balance of powers and extensive checks and balances between them. The President is entitled to recommend legislation, his agenda depends to a considerable degree on his skill of convincing members of Congress to follow his lead as he cannot dictate Congress what he wants. He faces a huge task in communicating with Congress because of its size and diversity. One of the instruments of persuasion is the presidential veto.   With an overtly combative stance, a President can bend Congress to his will. Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Franklin D. Roosevelt for example devised the model of the expansive, activist modern presidency. He set the national agenda and had behind him the vast knowledge and expertise of the federal bureaucracy. In the media-driven age, he spoke with one voice, as against the man y of Congress, making it easier for him to command the attention of the cameras. . (Lee H pg1) The relationship between Congress and the President lies at the core of our system of government since under the Constitution, tension and struggle between these rivals for power is inevitable. The framers did not set out to promote gridlock between President and Congress even if they did intend that conflicting opinions in society, it should be considered carefully before government takes action. It is a dynamic relationship, changing with every issue, every event. Sometimes it is cordial and cooperative while at times it is hostile and polarized. Congresses and Presidents find a way to work with each other, cooperating where possible and the nation's business gets done smoothly. The relationship between President and Congress tumultuous as it is, safeguards the people from corruption of power and abuse of authority by either side. (Lee H pg1)

Exam critically the role of the servicesape in manipuating customer's Essay

Exam critically the role of the servicesape in manipuating customer's decision making approach and avoidance behaviours - Essay Example Service could also be totally intangible like the cellular phone services. Servicescape refers to the style and appearance of the physical surroundings where the customers and the service provider interact. In the increasingly competitive environment companies have been challenged to augment their core services with value-added benefits which would help them to sustain competitive advantage. The outcome of service experience is evaluated not merely in terms of utility but also from an experiential perspective. For instance gourmet food can be made available at sporting events. Thus emphasis is given on managing the service firm’s physical facility. All these value-added service help to enhance revenue and hence servicescape has become a focal point in the delivery of customer delight. This paper will critically examine the role of the servicescape in manipulating customers decision making approach and avoidance behaviors in all three types of distribution channels. The physical environment is an important determinant of consumer perceptions and future behaviors. This makes it important to understand how the physical environment leads to consumer outcome behaviors. The role of physical environment is that it should attract attention. The servicescape acts as a package and the first impression is created which influences the customer what to expect inside the place of purchase. Compared to competition, the servicescape should stand out. In the case of Disneyworld it acts as a differentiator. The physical environment should also be able to create and deliver a message. Hotels use symbolic cues to communicate with customers about quality and the nature of service. It acts as a facilitator as a well-designed facility can make the experience pleasurable for the customer. Thirdly, the physical environment should create an impact through its dà ©cor and landscaping, through

Coaching and mentoring for leadership and Management; Evaluative Essay

Coaching and mentoring for leadership and Management; Evaluative report - The role of coaching and mentoring in organisational development and knowledge management - Essay Example ing those individual who tend to be more experienced in a particular field along with relatively less knowledgeable individuals who do not have much knowledge in the similar field (National College for School Leadership, 2010). The main task of a manager is to get results through people as well as other resources. Since most of the industries are becoming more reliant upon knowledge as well as service, people as well as their skill and performance are a top managerial concern. Companies possess greater interest in the capabilities of their employees that they endeavour to develop by means of formal and on-the-job training and progressive job assignments. They further expect managers as well as supervisors to develop employee capacity by means of coaching and mentoring. The main objective of the report is to identify whether or not the adoption of coaching and mentoring system can be utilised in order to train the staffs required to occupy the highly skilled positions that organisations might find it increasingly difficult to fill in the near future. The report will further attempt at offering numerous definitions regarding what coaching and mentoring are and how they must be utilised as part of the organisations knowledge management system. The costs as well as benefits associated to the organisation in introducing such systems will also be highlighted. Furthermore, the report’s objective will be to outline how organisations can deliver high quality coaching and mentoring to the employees and the key performance indicators that organisations can utilise to judge the ongoing success of such a system. Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD) views mentoring as a development of abilities as well as potentials in the role to be played by an individual rather than developing their performance and skills. It can be comprehended as specific learning along with development interference that can be utilised in a wide way however in a specific situation

Metrics Estimation Analysis and Teams Assignment

Metrics Estimation Analysis and Teams - Assignment Example It’s essential noting that with this criteria the production process will tend to be more accurate and the management will be in a position of maintaining the quality details of the firm help in improving the competitive advantage (Lincke, Lundberg & Lowe, 2008). When using the rating system the products needs to be picked at random and checked thoroughly to ensure they are accurate. In case a default is detected the production process should be vouched to ensure they are compliant with the targets set for their operations. The process should be in a state where they can link all parties involved. Table 1 defines the information that RSL has captured on previous projects. Table 2 shows the estimates for the equivalent parameters for the components of a new project. Using whichever techniques you wish, generate estimates for the effort required to develop the components of the new project. What reservations would you have in using such data? Looking at the graph above its evident as the time passes the company is increasing their efforts to ensure they meet their shareholders targets. This is crucial and it helps the firm to avoid misusing their efforts before they can identify their marking opportunities. Therefore, it’s necessary to note that efforts are varied according to the needs surrounding that process and the weight the issue caries (Lincke, Lundberg & Lowe, 2008). On the other hand, its essential noting that no matter what effort is exacted the estimation curve will never be at its maximum accuracy. Still the estimates will never change from estimates to factual. There is no amount of efforts can be added to make the estimates accurate. The following page contains data collected from a project at RSL. Provide an analysis report to indicate which components would be of concern going forward. You must provide the details of the graphs and analyses you have used

Experiences Of Women Mature Students In Higher Education

Experiences Of Women Mature Students In Higher Education Internationally there has been a large body of literature presented on the experiences of mature students, who have returned to higher education after a significant absence from compulsory education (for example, Baxter and Britton, 1999; Baxter and Britton, 2001; Lister, 2003; O’Donnell and Tobbell, 2007; O’Shea and Stone, 2011) to name but a few. Within much of this literature Baxter and Britton (1999:181) would point out that despite the marginalisation of women in educational research studies, this has not been the case in the literature presented on mature student whereby the â€Å"mature student is usually assumed to be female† and studies have particularly focused more so on women returners rather than both genders. Up until the late 1980s through to the early 1990s the primary research method used to conduct much of these studies was the large-scale quantitative survey, (for example, see Watkins, 1982) where the findings illustrated that mature students had a shared set of characteristics including educational background and educational achievements (Baxter and Britton, 1999; Parr, 2000). However, mature students are not a homogenous group, as each student’s higher education experience will be determined by factors including class, gender and ethnicity (O’Donnell and Tobbell, 2007; Morgan, 2013). Therefore, Richardson (1994:322) would state that to research the life experiences of mature students in higher education, this cannot be â€Å"carried out by means of bare quantitative procedures such as questionnaires† where the appropriate approach required would be to conduct individual semi-structured interviews. The defining feature which categorises mature students is based on age but this can vary on the country in question, for example, in Sweden, Norway and Australia the mature student is classified as someone who is over twenty-five years of age (Thomas and Quinn, 2006) as opposed to the UK where according to the Higher Education Statistics Authority the mature student is someone who is over twenty-one (HESA, 2014). According to Smith (2008:1) the term mature student â€Å"identifies a category of learners who embark on a course of study later in life† and can include any adult education programme such as further and/or higher education Historically, the role of women was to devote themselves to the position of homemaker. However, as western society as advanced to become more egalitarian this has witnessed a rapid shift in mothers with child/ren returning to education to become more self-sufficient and to gain a sense of self-identity. However, Baxter and Britton (2001) would argue that while trying to balance their student role, women still have a multiplicity of other roles were they shoulder the responsibility of childcare and domestic life, therefore, inequalities between genders are still widely seen. In recent times, the subordinate role of women in societies for example non wage winner, 2nd class citizen etc.throughout the world has significantly improved, slowly closing the gender gap in equality. One of the many advantages to this in modern society is that women have now the opportunity of gaining a good education. According to Parr (2000) this has led to increasing numbers of mature women returning to educ ation, not just to gain a paper qualification or to obtain better job opportunities but also to become more self-sufficient and to gain a sense of self-identity. This increase in mature women returning to higher education can be linked to the formation of ‘lifelong education’ (O’Shea and Stone, 2011). The concept of lifelong education is not new whereby, ancient societies emphasised the need â€Å"to learn from the cradle to the grave† (Gishti, 2009). However, it was not until the late twentieth/early twenty-first century that lifelong education became ‘heralded’ as an new age phenomenon, and became high on the social agenda of many governments and international organisations such as, UNESCO (Jackson, Malcolm and Thomas, 2011). In 1972 UNESCO International Commission on the Development of Education published the â€Å"Faure report† with the aim to assist governments in formulating and implementing new strategies in lifelong education. The primary underpinning of this report emphasised how important it was that every individual had the opportunity to lifelong education (Learning to be, 1972). This led to the UNESCO institute becoming the first institution to address the needs and aspirations of adult learners and in 2006 the name was changed to UNESCO Ins titute for Lifelong Learning, to reflect the institute’s focus on adult learning (UNESCO, 2013). According to Lister (2003) the primary focus in the role of lifelong learning is to combat social exclusion and target previously excluded groups. One of the many disadvantaged groups that lifelong learning particularly aims to benefit is those of women who have caring responsibilities and childcare commitments. Encompassing a broad perspective Lister (2003) would also note that the role of higher education plays a key part in the development of lifelong learning However, Jackson et al (2011:5) argues that in western societies women continue to be limited to their choices of learning when returning to education as â€Å"the gendered nature of the hidden curriculum [†¦] restrict women’s access† to many courses. This in turn can create difficulties for women who are interested in following a particular career path. Nonetheless, for mature women lifelong learning can be a source of empowerment and emancipation (Bhattachra, 2014). Therefore, â€Å"education is seen as empowering, in that it opens up employment opportunities and is a vehicle for the development of the self.† (Baxter and Britton, 2001:87). Upon commencing on this journey of self-discovery, O’ Shea and Stone (2011) would note that as mature students, women may harbour feelings of self-doubt and hesitation. In trying to play the role of the student, O’Shea’s (2014) study found that mature women encounter many anxieties where they feel like ‘imposters’ in a higher education institute after having been absent from education for such a long time. According to O’Donnell and Tobbell (2007) many adult students in general, regardless of their gender, feel vulnerable because they lack experience in formal education and also because they have additional pressures outside of education to contend with, such as family responsibilities. From the scoping review of the literature above there is a clear demonstrable opportunity for research on mature women that return to education after a significant gap. Therefore, this dissertation aims to explore how non-traditional mature women manage their student role along with the multitude of other responsibilities that they shoulder. Within the framework of this study, this dissertation will also examine the emotional journey of mature women from the transition of ‘expected’ roles to the enablement of participation in life-long learning and personal capacity building. Coming from a feminist perspective the social specific issues which will be addressed include the empowerment, inequality and oppression of women with children or other caring responsibilities.

philosophy of education Essay -- essays research papers

Progressivism My personal philosophy of education is most closely related to progressivism, which is a school of thought advocating that truth is determined by function. Progressivism is an educational philosophy focused on providing students with the skills and knowledge necessary not only to survive but also to succeed in a contemporary and competitive society. William James and John Dewey are accredited for developing the characteristically American philosophy of education that is progressivism. As the name suggests, progressivism is a philosophy that is adaptable for society’s current state. It is a philosophy that promotes education aimed at helping students to develop the kind of problem solving skills that will enable them to function successfully in a competitive society. Progressivism focuses on educating students in a manner that leads them to become productive adults that adeptly function in an ever-changing world. Progressivism curriculum has a strong emphasis on problem solving and analysis, for these skills are invaluable in today’s society. Without problem solving abilities, an individual is lost and alone in the puzzling maze of society that characterizes the world today. Progressivism curriculum is centered on activities and instruction that challenge the students’ problem solving and analysis abilities in an effort to strengthen these skills. Since progressivism is influenced by contemporary society, it is only appropriate that the progressivism curric...

Medical Field

Chiropractic surgeons perform procedures you may have heard of such as heart bypass surgery, heart valve repair/replacement and an also be involved with operative procedures to treat ailments such as lung cancer and emphysema, and chest trauma. .NET- Or tautology's, concentrates on the ear, nose and throat. .NET surgeons treat a diverse range of problems from hearing loss to tumors, thyroid disorders and even cosmetic procedures such as rhinestones (surgery on the nose). They are concerned with some of the most important sensory areas and help patients with problems hearing, smelling, tasting and speaking.General Surgery- General surgeons broadly speaking deal with the abdominal organs and the torso. Surgeons usually develop a sub-specialty of this wide ranging area of surgery, such as trauma, collaborate, upper Castro-intestinal, habitability, breast or endocrine surgery. General surgery is one of the most common specialties. Neurosurgery- Disorders that affect the nervous system, i ncluding the brain, spinal column and cord and other nerves throughout the body, are often treated surgically by neurosurgeons.They frequently operate on conditions like brain tumors and aneurysms, head injuries, severe back injuries and other spinal defects or diseases. Ophthalmology- Ophthalmologists examine, diagnose and treat medical and surgical robbers of the eye. These can include eye injuries, infections, tumors and cataracts. Oral and Monomaniacal Surgery- This specialty, sometimes known as oral and ‘Max fax' surgery, requires both a medical and a dental degree from university. MOBS focuses on the mouth, Jaws, face and neck and surgeons deal with Injuries, diseases and defects of these areas.Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery- These specialists deal with the restoration and development of bones, joints and muscles and sometimes concentrate on a particular area such as sports injuries, upper limbs, hips and knees or feet and ankles. There are more trauma and orthopedic surg eons than most other specialties. Pediatric Surgery- Infants and children can often require specialist surgical treatment, usually provided by pediatric surgeons, who deal with neonates through to teenagers and frequently treat cases such as congenital abnormalities (present at birth), trauma, cancers and urological problems.Plastic Surgery- Plastic surgeons work on all parts of the body with the primary aim of restoring function and appearance. They repair and reconstruct damaged skin and tissue. Sometimes their work can be cosmetic, or aesthetic, and performed on patients who choose to have procedures to enhance heir appearance. Urology- This specialty concentrates on the urinary tract of men and women and on the reproductive system of men. Some of the disorders and Vascular Surgery – This specialty concentrates on the vascular system (arteries and veins). The specialty evolved from general and cardiac surgery.Some of the disorders vascular surgeons deal with include deep v ein thrombosis, varicose veins and Lymphoma. Surgery is an extremely rewarding but competitive career choice. Training to become a surgeon can be a long and challenging process, and surgeons need to be very driven and passionate in order to succeed. A surgeon's time is not Just spent in the operating theatre working on anesthetized patients; they also spend a great deal of time in outpatient treatment rooms assessing and preparing patients for surgery, and on hospital wards seeing patients before and after surgical treatment.Good communication skills are essential, as surgeons must build good rapport with patients as well as work effectively with other hospital and medical staff (such as nurses, physicians and anesthetists). To become a successful surgeon, you will need to enjoy learning and be prepared to learn new skills and techniques throughout our career. You will also need to be a good teacher, and be able to share your skills with younger and less experienced surgeons as you progress throughout your career.In short; surgeons work hard, but the work most often improves, enhances or saves other people's lives, which as you can imagine is incredibly rewarding. After University Beyond your years at medical school, you can look forward to many further years of training to become a surgeon! Immediately after finishing medical school, all graduates are required to work for two years as foundation doctors, which involves ark in a hospital, and sometimes in a GAP surgery doing several different rotations, in both medicine and surgery.Most foundation doctors will have decided by the end of their foundation years which specialty they wish to pursue and at this stage will begin applying for training posts. After completion of two to three ‘core' training years, and having successfully passed the MRS. examination, surgical trainees then begin several years of working and training to acquire all the skills necessary to pass their surgical fellowship examination s (FRI.) and become a consultant in their specialty.

Immigrant Voices essays

Immigrant Voices essays The Book Immigrant Voices by Thomas Dublin is focused on giving readers a close view of what things were like for immigrants between the years of 1773-1986. It contains diaries, letters, autobiographies, and interviews of actual immigrants during this time period. The book tells many facts about immigration to America and the harsh realities people faced. The first immigrant I read about was John Harrower. Harrower was from the Shetland Islands and was forced to leave in 1773 due to poverty and despair. Harrower left his wife and children in order to find work in America. Harrower signed away his freedom in order to cross the ocean. On the journey to America Harrower delt with his own sickness and watched others die. Harrower watched men that he knew, friends, who had died of illness get tossed overboard and thrown into the ocean. Harrower was a smart man, therefore, when he reached America he became a tutor. John instructed the children of the man of which he was serving. After being there for nearly four years Harrower had saved up almost enough money to bring his family over to America. John Harrower died of an unknown illness before he could bring his wife and children to their new home. Some of the letters that I spoke if were those of William and Sophie Frank Seyffard to their families. William and Sophie were Germans who came from well off families. William and Sophie were married and they were happy together. William Seyffard bought a farm where he and Sophie would live. They had children and were happy in America for the most part, until their mill burnt down and they lost practically everything they had. They owed mortgages and creditors. They moved off of their own farm and all of their children got ill with scarlet fever. The one by the name of Ernst died. Another instance of a heartbreaking story of an immigrant is that of Rosa Cassettari. She was an Italian who wa...

IDEO Case Analysis Essays

IDEO Case Analysis Essays IDEO Case Analysis Paper IDEO Case Analysis Paper Teams are created for certain products and brainstorming involves every single person throwing out any idea that comes to their head, which In turn produces groundbreaking innovations and designs. They also promote entrepreneurship and creativity through managerial decisions to not assign any titles to their employees. This enables everyone in the organization to feel equal and contribute to each project equally. DIED has had great success with this technique and set a benchmark for other companies to follow. It promotes entrepreneurship because employees are more innovative and creative when they feel equal, which leads to new Ideas and innovations in the company. They are at the top when It comes to process, organization, and company culture. 2. I think DIED should accept the visor project on the dramatically tight and reduced schedule. Although they spend roughly double the time on most projects, It could be a great challenge for their team and enable them to learn due to the pressure that will come along with the project. I think If anything, they could try to compromise an In between with Handspring for the launch schedule. Having an early launch schedule could have a negative Impact on Handspring too because DIED might have to skip certain stages of their product design process. This could lead to an Inferior product than If they would have a little more time. DIED Is In the business to develop products; so declining this project would be a bad business move on their part. At the end of the day, they are getting paid so they should comply with Handspring and explain to them their concerns. If anything, they could charge more for the tighter schedule Like Cleaners would charge more for same day service. However, I think this Is a great opportunity of DIED to see what their teams can do and come out with a great product development of the Handspring project. By frankly more innovative and creative when they feel equal, which leads to new ideas and innovations in the company. They are at the top when it comes to process, the time on most projects, it could be a great challenge for their team and enable hem to learn due to the pressure that will come along with the project. I think if anything, they could try to compromise an in between with Handspring for the launch schedule. Having an early launch schedule could have a negative impact on design process. This could lead to an inferior product than if they would have a little more time. DIED is in the business to develop products; so declining this project anything, they could charge more for the tighter schedule like Cleaners would charge more for same day service. However, I think this is a great opportunity of DIED to see

Evolution and Natural Selection Lab Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Evolution and Natural Selection Lab - Coursework Example Archaeologists found that there were fossil remains of extinct animals as they dug deeper into the strata. They could see similarities in the different fossils but could not comprehend why or how they existed. Darwin influenced the theory of evolution in his study of finches and tortoises of the Galapagos Islands. Though different, Darwin could note similarities that converged the different birds to the same ancestors. The tortoise in the different islands though seemingly similar, Darwin noted that they had distinct variation. His breakthrough was in 1859 when he published the book On the Origin of Species (Evolution and Natural Selection, 2010). First, Darwin views a species as organisms that can vary over time and space. He says that the equivalent of today’s organisms that existed earlier in life varied in form and behavior from those of today, as do those in distanced geographic regions today. Fossils also differ thus supporting the claim (Evolution and Natural Selection, 2010). Second, he says that all organisms have shared common ancestors. The relations can be traced over millions of years ago. Different organisms diverged from their common ancestry to form their own independent species. Sharing of common ancestry is manifested by the similarities that different species share today e.g. we share common ancestry with chimpanzees dating back around eight million years back. Lastly, Darwin puts forth that evolution is steady slow process. Fossil records showed this form of process plus the emergence of unprecedented novel organisms in Darwin’s time (Evolution and Natural Selection, 2010). Natural selection entails variation, inheritance, excessive speed of population growth and differential survival and reproduction. Related organisms vary in form and behavior and include variations in body size, facial markings, hair color and so on. Inheritance involves passing of certain traits

Self-Assessment Inventories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Self-Assessment Inventories - Essay Example From this paper, it is clear that various methods can be used to evaluate one's competency at work. One of these is the self-assessment inventories. Abstract Self-assessment inventories are structured closed end questionnaires, which are meant to collect information concerning someone’s beliefs, virtues, and principles guiding that person at work. The subject individual in gauging his technical standing concerning his/her performance can use self-assessment information. The data collected will be standardized using a stipulated set of principles expected from an individual in the course of duty. The stipulated principles define how an ideal career person ought to administer his/her practices at work. Self-assessment inventories will provide an insight into someone’s strengths and weaknesses at work. Someone’s competencies will be evaluated in referent to the degree of deviation that exists between that individual’s actual principles of work and the stipula ted guidelines that defines an ideal person at work. Based on the abstract, the self-assessment inventories are meant to supplement me with my actual performance level information as an adult educator. The assessment inventories will unearth my philosophy as a teacher and my technical abilities as an adult educator. ... I assessed my abilities categorically based on the title of the inventories. Competencies for teaching adults All categories of learners require specific needs of technical skills during learning. The requirements for successful early childhood education are not similar to those for adult education. Therefore, as a teacher, one has to possess the appropriate set of qualities that characterize a successful administration of knowledge to learners (David, 2005 P.138). As an adult educator, I acknowledge the necessary skills needed to enhance proper dispensation of knowledge to the students. The inventory data concerning the competencies for teaching adults will depict my performance level in terms of the technical aspects I stick to when teaching. This inventory narrows down to assessing my technical capability on the most crucial contents of teaching. Based on the (1-7) scale scores in every section of the inventory, I could define my teaching competence. From the data contained in the inventory, I could acknowledge the fact that based on my self-knowledge; I slightly disagree with two statements, neutral on two statements and I slightly agree with the other two statements.

Innovation Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Innovation - Assignment Example Consequently, innovation was a prerogative of commercial organizations that used their employee talent to bring out new products and ideas that they could market for profit (Pearce, 2012). In this document, a review of the literature on open innovation is presented followed by experience of the author of this paper, who participated in a project at openIDEO, an open innovation platform. The term Open Innovation was first introduced by Chesbrough who indicated that open innovation "is a paradigm shift in approach of organizations that need to consider external and internal ideas along with external and internal path to develop a collaborative approach and advance knowledge in the field by introducing practical and innovative approaches to problem solving" (Chesbrough, 2003, p. 17). Open innovation creates a mutually beneficial relationship since both the firm that sponsors open innovation projects and individuals or smaller firms that participate, gain through generation of designs, and present ideas that meet the requirements (Chesbrough, and Eichenholz, 2013). Open innovation is different from outsourcing where existing products are given out on contractual manufacturing and vendors must produce the components as per specifications (Terwiesch, 2008). In open innovation forum, the administrator presents a problem and participants must offer their answers. A diversi ty of opinions is needed and the firm may examine several alternatives from among the solutions offered, pick up an idea that appears most suitable, and place the selected idea for refinement (Levine and Prietula, 2013). While open innovation is a good concept, certain problems are apparent. Some of the main problems are legal issues and the lack of privacy and confidentiality in the forum. Another problem is that requirements for the project and details of the selected design are available for even rival firms.

The Ritz Hotel Essay Example for Free

The Ritz Hotel Essay Despite the fact that rooms at the Ritz Hotel do not cost 2,000 Euros, employees of the Ritz are authorized to compensate guests up to 2,000 Euros for any problems they may have experienced.   Why does the Ritz have this policy?   There are primarily three factors that should be explored: one, the reputation of the Ritz, two, the costs beside room rate, and three, and the hidden costs.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   First, the Ritz is known the world-over for high class service.   It is the place to have your social event.    The name has carried great weight for many years now, and the reputation of the Ritz is not something the hotel owners would like to have tarnished.   Established in 1906, this year marks the 100 year celebration of this world-class hotel.   As part of the celebration, and as an example of the level of service the Ritz offers its clients, the Centennial Celebration includes pick-up from the Airport in the new Rolls Royce, accommodations for two nights, a bottle of champagne, Theater Tickets, Dinner, Salon Treatments, and complimentary membership to the Ritz Club for the length of the stay. The Ritz is â€Å"puttin’ on the Ritz’ for its 100 year celebration.   The reputation of the Ritz creates its value in the marketplace.   As a place for high society, elegance, and comfort, it has a name and reputation to live up to.   One of the primary ways reputations are maintained is through word-of-mouth.   Considering the fact that if a guest has a negative experience, they are ten times more likely to talk about it, it is therefore in the Ritz’s best interests to maintain a positive word-of-mouth cycle.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Second, additional costs which guests incur aside from the room rate can cause management to raise the level of compensation higher than the rate of the room.     For example, there may be phone charges, room service charges, movie charges, wet bar charges, laundry or dry-cleaning, and the list goes on.   These are only the costs the guest may incur inside the hotel.   Additionally, there is the cost of travel and transportation.  Ã‚   As a world-class hotel, the Ritz recognizes these as valid reimbursable expenses.   If the Ritz is at fault for some inconvenience to the customer, the customer will also incur additional expenses remedying the problem.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Finally, the hidden costs to the Ritz.   The first has already been mentioned – the word-of-mouth advertising.   It is essential to the Ritz to maintain positive word-of-mouth advertising.  Ã‚   After a customer leaves the Ritz, it is impossible to communicate with them further, or to make amends.   One of the worst things that can happen for the Ritz is an unhappy customer leaving.   Therefore, the service staff at the Ritz has the permission to compensate the guests up to 2,000 Euros. The Ritz must review this policy and the history of compensations to make sure the policy is not being abused.   Abuse of the policy is a hidden cost to the Ritz itself.   However, with proper oversight, this cost can be minimal.   One more factor to take into consideration is the costs of damage to a customer’s personal belongings.   If a designer suit is taken in for dry-cleaning and is destroyed in the process, it is possible that the value of the suit could actually exceed the 2,000 Euros authorized for compensation.   Based on the level of the guests, it is quite likely that their personal items may be of high value.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Finally, the management of the Ritz must weigh its risks.   How likely is it that compensation up to 2,000 Euros would be provided for a guest?   Based on the high level of service provided at the Ritz, including the level of training received b each employee, it is highly unlikely that a guest would have such a negative experience that only 2,000 Euros would satisfy them.  Ã‚   Therefore, the Ritz has even created a buffer zone for its employees. Not only are they authorized to meet the guests expectations, despite problems, they can even exceed the guests expectations.   If the guest found a mouse in the bathroom, rather than simply refunding the room rental rate, the employee can also give the customer 500 Euro for emotional duress.   Ultimately, it is in the Ritz’s best interests to satisfy their guests to the best of their ability.   If monetary compensation can help them achieve this goal, they should use this tool as long as it works for them.

Impact of Informality on Consumption

Impact of Informality on Consumption Abstract By using a simple model, it will be analyzed the impact that informality has in the amount of consumption of the workers during their life cycle. This paper deals with the interconnections of under-reported earnings, savings and old-age pension. The workers sampled for this analys have been divided into three groups: 1. Low income emloyees, 2. Higher income employees who declare all incomes, 3. Employees who under-report their incomes .In this paper the analysis is based on two pension models: the model that calculates pension in conformity with the incomes (proportional model) and the basic model, whose objective is poverty reduction for the â€Å"third age†. The major result is as follows: Given the fact that the basic pension system favors employees that under-report their incomes and the fact that the impact of informality is greater in the basic system than in the propotional pension system, the application of basic pension system in the Albanian might be problematic. KEY WORDS: informality, pensions, proportional model, basic model, Albania Introduction There are many examples around the world, how different countries have adapted their pension system in comformity with the important changes they are experiencing. However what works well in a country does not necessarly work well in an other country. Pension reforms should be in accordance with the economic, political and social characteristics of the country. The issue referring to the appropriate scheme to be implemented in Albania has been the concern of the governments. . In such circumstances, when the â€Å"Pay-As-You-Go† system is failing every day, the problem of a reform seems as urgent as it is necessary. Pension systems have been one of the serious issues, which all Albanian governments have been facing. They have been a constant source of criticism from international bodies and are one of the schemes that aggravate the state budget a lot, therefor impeding the development of the Albanian economy (Treichel, 2001) As a result of a misconception of this scheme since the beginning, the current system has generated high evasion and informality, distorting effects on the labor market and not providing a long term solution for the pensions. The main problem has to do with the amount of contributions and incentives to pay these contributions. Using a simple model, it will be given an idea about the impact that informality has in the amount of the workers consumption during their life cycle. For this reason two pension models have been analyzed: the model that calculates pension in conformity with the incomes and the basic model, whose objective is poverty reduction for the â€Å"third age†. Augusztinovics, (2005) concludes that increasingly social tensions can be reduced by e replacing the pension system related to incomes with a basic pension system. Given that this topic presents a great complexity and at the same time is so current and present in our daily lives, it would be interesting to treat it in order to provide an alternative for solving such a so sharp problem. 2Proportional pensions In recent years, the Hungarian Economists of the Academy of Sciences have conducted a series of empirical studies regarding pension systems, especially in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The assumptions used in their model, have a lot in common with the Albanian reality. According to (Simonovits, 2008), the assumptions of the model are: †¢ The population is taken unchanged †¢ The young population is active in the labor market †¢ Every elder person has retired Consequently, R is the number an employee working years and S, the years of an individuals’ retirement. Dependency rate, expressed as the ratio of pension years to those of work, is marked with ÃŽ ¼ = S / R. Although, the difference between the contribution rate of employers and employees is clear in the current pension system clear, in this analysis, this difference is not taken into account. The total salary, which represents the total cost of the work, is marked by w. Individual contribution, paid to the pension system, is calculated at the rate t, of the total reported salary. Health insurance contributions and income tax impacts have been left out of the model. To be closer to the Albanian reality, it is assumed that the rate of employed persons who declare their exact income, are not directly related to the pension system. The system is suposed in equilibrium; the revenues of the system are equal to its expenditures. The scale of the informal economy in Albania is one of the highest in the Central and Eastern Europe countries. The informal economy is assumed at 34 percent according to (Schneider, Buehn, Montenegro, 2010). For this reason, it is foreseen to classify the employees in three different groups: 1. Low income emloyees, who are marked with (U) It is presumed, that employees who do not fully declare their income are part of the second group. For this group, it is made the following subdivision: 2. Higher income employees who declare all incomes, who are marked with (P) 3. Higher income employees who under-report their incomes, who are marked with (N) The frequency of these employees is: Æ’U, Æ’P and Æ’N. These frequencies are positive numbers, the amount of which shall be equal to 1. Considering all the employment as a unit, the number of employees is marked by 1. In special cases it may occur that one of the frequencies is equal to 0, as it is the case of economies where informality is in very low levels near 0. In this model, it is assumed that pensioners receive their pensions, in proportion to the income declared, which are marked with *, (t*, is the rate of the contribution to the system). The current income of workers according to salary levels, are: wP = wN and wU. While the benefits from the system during the retirement period, are: bP* and bN* =bU*. Based on the above assumptions, the benefits are commensurate with the income declared; bP* = ÃŽ ²* wP and bN* = ÃŽ ²* wU, where ÃŽ ²* is the replacement rate of the pension system related to income (proportional). As it is observedou, wU represents the minimum wage and any potential changes will affect the overall level of formal employment. This problem will not be considered, because of the complexity that it presents. In the following equations are presented: total real income (WP) and the total income declared (WU). WP = (Æ’P + Æ’N)wP + Æ’UwU and WU = Æ’PwP + (Æ’N+ Æ’U)wU Since the system is in equilibrium, then, t * WU = ÃŽ ¼ÃŽ ² * WU. Consequently, subsequent connection between the contribution fee (t *) and the replacement ratio is: ÃŽ ²* : t* =  µÃŽ ²* It is assumed that those who declare all the incomes do not save for theretirement period, as they believe that the replacement ratio is sufficiently high. In contrast, people who do not report their total incomes, are supposed to save for the retirement, that hidden amounts. In some cases these rates may be even lower than the rate of social security system, which would make them save for their whole lifetime. So the saving rate is marked with ÏÆ', which is: 0 and the annual savings are: ÏÆ'(wP wU). It is assume that the hidden savings during the R years of work are used for consumption Ï (wP wU) during the S retirement years. For comparative reasons the level of consumption is analyzed during two stages of life (work and pension). This analysis will provide a more complete picture throughout the whole life cycle, of the consumption during the work period, which is labeled â€Å"youth consumption† and the consumption during retirement, which is labeled â€Å"elderly consumption†. Based on the above equations, â€Å"youth consumption† would be: cP* = (1 – t*)wP ; cN* = (1 – t*)wU + (1 – ÏÆ')(wP – wU) ; cU* = (1 – t*)wU While the â€Å"elderly consumption† would be dP* = bP* ; dN* = bU* + Ï (wP – wU) ; dU* = bU* Basic pension system Some researchers (Augusztinovics Kà ¶llÅ‘, 2008), (Kollo, 2008), (Kertesi G., Bonn 2003) consider the replacement of the proportional pension system with a basic pension system as a way to reduce the increasing social tensions. Since the goal of this system is the reduction of poverty during the â€Å"third age†, it is assumed that it is given a definit benefit b0 which is funded by a consumption tax rate à ®. Each individual pays his/her taxes proportionally after spending money for consumption and for mathematical simplicity it is assumed that the basic benefits are net. Pensions obtained from this system are: One of the innovations that this model offers is the assumption which does not take into account the possibility of consumption tax evasion, in contrast to the case of non-payment of pension contributions. The implementation of this model faces with some difficulties in our country, such as problems with the informal economy (tax evasion) and the indirectly calculation method of VAT. In the model analyzed there is no total savings and total consumption is equal to total income. Based on the equation that shows the dependency ratio, the tax equation is as follows: The decreasing contributions, tw finance only the reduced pensions of employees. , pra For comparative reasons, it is assumed that the total costs of pensions are invariable. This assumption is clearly expressed in the following equation: By substituting à ® from the previous equation to the new equation the following formula is obtained: Consequently, the reduced contributions will be as follows: In order for the contribution to be a positive rate, it should be assumed that: . So, The â€Å"youth consumption† is: ; ; While the â€Å"elderly consumption† is: ; ; As it can be noticed from the above equations, consumption and benefits of employees who declare all their incomes has decreased, while consumption and benefit of employees with low incomes and workers that under-report their incomes have increased in comparison with the proportional pension system. 4The Albanian Case For study reasons it is worth presenting a numerical simulation. In the above mentioned models are used features of Albanian pension system. Based on the Albanian legislation for social security, the working years that an employee must have to obtain a retirement pension, are 35. Consequently, R = 35 years. According to official data from the World Bank (2012), the average of life expectancy for the Albanian population is 77 years. By subtracting from this age the average age of the entry into the labor market, which is 22 years (qualified employees, as well as unqualified have been considered as), it is concluded that the average number of years spent in retirement for every Albanian, is S = 20 years. Dependency rate, which represents the ratio of average years spent in retirement, with the average years spent in work, is ÃŽ ¼ = S / R = 20/35 = 0.57. The calculation of incomes is attained based on the data on employment and average salary for each sector of the economy. It is assumed that: †¢ All employees of public and private sector and non-agricultural privat sector are classified as employees with high average incomes. †¢ For purposes of analysis, the informal economy is assumed at 34 percent according to (Schneider, Buehn, Montenegro, 2010). So, 34 percent of private sector employees do not declare their real incomes. †¢ Employees of the agricultural sector are assumed as employees with low income. Based on the above assumptions and on the (INSTAT, 2014) data the distribution of workers by sector is: Æ’U = 0.49 , Æ’P = 0.39 , Æ’N = 0.12 According to INSTAT data (2013), the average salary in the public sector is 52,150 ALL (Albanian lek), the average of high salary in the private sector is 97,000 ALL and in the agriculture sector it is assumed that the salary is equal to the minimum wage 22,000 ALL. Based on these data, the income distribution is: wP = 4.4 dhe wU = 1 While the average stated salary is: WU = 2.326 So, the average salary declared, based on the above analysis, is: 2.326 x 22’000 = 51’172 ALL. This indicator has a outcome close to the average salary of 52’150 ALL declared in Albania. It is assumed that the amount of benefit in the basic system is equal to half of the benefit of the pension system related directly to income. b0 = tWU/ 2 µ Also, it is assumed that the worker that does not declare his/her real income, saves half of the money, ÏÆ' = t/2, which, Social Security, would make the employee save from the income that are not declared. Table no 1: The Key Indicators Source: Author Calculations 4.1Basic Model The distribution as per basic assumption is: Æ’P = 0.39, Æ’N = 0.12, Æ’U = 0.49 In the table below have been presented the characteristics of both pension systems that are being analyzed Tabel no 2: Characteristics of pension systems Source: Author Calculations The above characteristics are calculated in the case of Albania, where the contribution rate paid to the social security, is 21.6 percent for the proportional pension system. As it can be observed from the above data, when moving from a proportional pension system to the basic pension system, the contribution rate paid to the pension system is halved. A consumption tax at the rate of 9.2 percent is added to the basic pension system in contrast to the proportional pension system. Refering to the calculations, there is a significant difference regarding the replacement ratio between the two pension systems. In the proportional pension system the value of this ratio is 38 percent, which is reduced to 18.9 percent in the basic pension system. We see the impact of two pension systems to the amount of consumption for the three groups taken into consideration. Table no 3. Consumption amount Source: Author Calculations By analyzing the above results, it can be observed that: †¢ The â€Å"youth consumption† is the highest in three groups on the basic pension system compared with the proportional pension system. †¢ As expected, the â€Å"elderly consumption† with low income at basic pension system is higher than the consumption of the other system. Characteristic of the basic pension system is the support for people with low incomes. †¢ The â€Å"elderly consumption† with high incomes at the proportional pension system compared with the consumption at the basic pension system is about 50 percent higher. †¢ A weakness in the basic pension system is that it favors the group of pensioners who under-report their incomes. 4.2Full reporting of incomes The analys of the â€Å"ideal case† where all employees report all their income, although it seems utopian, it is worthwhile analyzing. Division of employees according to the declaration is: Æ’P = 0.51; Æ’N = 0; Æ’U = 0.49 Table no 4. Characteristics of pension systems Source: Author Calculations The rate of contribution to the proportional pension system is 21.6 per cent, as it was in the case of the basic model. As observed from the above table, the characteristics of the basic pension system, has changed in the â€Å"ideal case† compared to the basic model. The rate of contribution in the â€Å"ideal case† decreased at 10.7 percent compared with 10.8 percent in the basic model. While the tax rate has increased to 11 percent from 9.2 percent in the basic model. Changes in the ratio of replacement are negligible. We see the impact that the two pension systems have to the consumption quantity of the three groups who have been analyzed. Table no 5. Consumption amount Source: Author Calculations By analyzing the results above, we can say that: †¢ The â€Å"youth consumption† and the â€Å"elderly consumption† have not changed for the proportional pension system for both cases. †¢ Into the basic pension system there is a reduction in the consumption quantity at the young age and a very small increase in the consumption during the â€Å"third age†. †¢ So, the basic pension system is more sensitive toward informal economy than the other pension system that is taken into consideration. 5Conlusions The elementary model.has already been analized. Finally, by analyzing the cases discussed above, it can be concluded that: The consumption and benefits of employees who report all their incomes has decreased in the basic pension system compared to the proportional pensions system. The consumption and benefits of employees with low incomes and those of the employees who under-report their incomes increased in the basic pension system compared to the proportional pensions system. The basic pension system favors employees that under-report their incomes. The impact of informality is greater in the basic pension system than in the proportional pension system. So, in the Albanian reality the application of basic pension system might be problematic.